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石油发展和金融学探讨

The China Meteorological Ad-ministration (CMA) Tuesday announced the completion of a national climate observation network to help mitigate global warming.CMA director Zheng Guo-guang said the network would collect accurate information about climate change."Climate change is threatening the environment, state security and economic development," Zheng said.Responding to a UN plan, China's first climate observation network was set up in 1997. Seven departments - meteorology, water affairs, agriculture, environmental protection, forestry, ocean and scientific research - joined the network.The network set up 16 key observation areas, Zhang Renhe, director of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Director, said.These are: Atmosphere and land systems in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, glacier; water and ecological systems in the Tianshan Mountain area; Xilingol pastures in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region; Dunhuang desert in Gansu Province; forests in Northeast China; water circulation systems in Sichuan and Yunnan provinces; agriculture in the Yellow and Huaihe river basins; the lakes of Dongting and Poyang; the atmosphere around Mount Waliguan in Qinghai Province; ecological systems in source regions of the Yangtze, Yellow and Lancang rivers; the economic belt around Beijing; economic development zones in the Yangtze and Pearl river deltas; Sichuan Basin; the land-ocean-atmosphere system around Bohai Sea; air-sea interaction in the South China Sea; and comprehensive oceanic observations.By observation and data processing, the network should provide data about temperatures, glaciers, frozen soil, accumulated snow, aerosoles, greenhouse gases, ozone, plant and soil."This data can help China predict natural disasters, strengthen forecasts of extreme weather events and be more adaptable when it comes to industrial projects," Zheng said.A National Climate Change Program was released in June, which pledged to cut greenhouse gas emissions, but with no specific goals.

WASHINGTON - US Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson will visit China's largest lake next week on a trip that will highlight global environmental challenges. Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson speaks during an interview with Reuters in Washington July 2, 2007. [AP]Paulson will also hold talks in Beijing with President Hu Jintao that will focus on the Strategic Economic Dialogue, high-level discussions launched last year in an effort to deal with economic tensions between the US and China. "This trip is part of an ongoing process to strengthen our strategic economic relationship - to address long-term issues such as working with China to rebalance its growth and increase the flexibility of its currency and also to address short-term issues as they arise," Paulson said Tuesday in announcing the trip. Paulson will begin the trip with a visit July 30 to Qinghai Lake, the largest lake in the country and an example of some of the environmental challenges facing China as it struggles to deal with pollution. "The only way to make progress on climate change is to engage all the large economies, developed and developing, to work toward embracing cleaner technology and reducing emissions," Paulson said. "What's happening with the environment in the middle of China not only affects the local climate and economy but also the global climate and economy." Paulson will meet on July 31 in Beijing with Hu and Vice Premier Wu Yi, who is leading the Chinese side in the strategic dialogue talks. The administration is coming under pressure from Congress to show results from these discussions, particularly in the area of currency values. American manufacturers contend that the yuan is undervalued by as much as 40 percent, which makes Chinese products cheaper for US consumers but makes it more difficult for US products to be sold in China. The first strategic dialogue session was held in Beijing last December with a follow-up meeting in Washington in May. The two countries have pledged to meet twice a year with the next session to take place in China later this year. An exact date has not yet been announced. The Treasury Department said in a statement announcing the trip that Paulson in his meetings with Chinese leaders would raise issues of concern to Congress as well as follow up on issues that were identified as priority items at the May meeting of the strategic dialogue. US lawmakers have grown increasingly unhappy as America's trade deficit with China has soared, hitting 3 billion last year, the largest ever recorded with a single country and one-third of the US total deficit with the rest of the world. Various bills have been introduced that would require the administration to take a harder line on the currency issue including pursuing economic sanctions if China does not move more quickly to allow its currency to rise in value against the dollar. China has reiterated that it does not manipulate its currency and the currency reforms are moving as quickly as the developing economy and financial system will allow.

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NANJING - The legislature of the eastern province of  Jiangsu has amended the law to clearly define sexual harassment and allow complainants to sue.The Standing Committee of the Jiangsu Provincial People's Congress on Thursday passed the revised Jiangsu Provincial Measures for Implementing China's Law on Protection of Women's Rights, saying "sexual harassment of women in the form of spoken and written language, images, electronic information and bodily gestures is prohibited." The measures allow those who claim that they have been harassed to report such cases to employers, authorities and the police, which must prevent or stop such behavior. Women can also sue those they contend harassed them.Although sexual harassment was included in an amendment of the national law in 2005, the legislation didn't clearly define harassment, which made it difficult to prove in court, said Wang Lasheng, vice chairman of the Legal Affairs Committee of the Jiangsu Provincial People's Congress."A clear definition of the forms of sexual harassment will definitely help law enforcement and improve victims' awareness of self-protection," said Wang.Defining sexual harassment at the local level was a welcome attempt to supplement the national law, said Wang, adding that similar statutes have been passed in Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Shaanxi and Anhui provinces and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. These laws allow complainants to file claims or sue.

The U.S. National Academy of Sciences announced on Tuesday the election of 72 new members and 18 foreign associates in recognition of their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research. The election was held this morning during the business session of the 144th annual meeting of the academy, and brought the organization's total number of active members to 2,025. Foreign associates are non-voting members of the academy. The 18 newly elected, from 12 different countries, brought the total number of foreign associates to 387. Two Chinese scientists, Zhang Qifa and Li Aizhen, were among the new foreign associates. Professor Zhang is the director of National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, in central China's Wuhan. Li is from the Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The U.S. National Academy of Sciences is a private organization of scientists and engineers dedicated to the advance of science and its use for the general welfare. It was established in 1863 by a congressional act signed by Abraham Lincoln. The act calls on the academy to act as an official adviser to the federal government, upon request, in any matter of science or technology

RUGAO - Zhou Fenying is a living witness to the dark history that still poisons China's relations with Japan more than 60 years after World War Two. When Zhou was 22, Japanese soldiers came to her village in eastern China, grabbed her and her sister-in-law and carted them off to a military brothel, she says. Now 91, Zhou has broken decades of silence to speak of her traumatic experience as a "comfort woman" -- the euphemism the invading Japanese used to describe women forced into sex slavery. "I hid with my husband's sister under a millstone. Later, the Japanese soldiers discovered us and pulled us out by our legs. They tied us both to their vehicle. Later they used more ropes to tie and secure us and drove us away," she told Reuters in her home village in Jiangsu province. "They then took us to the 'comfort woman lodge'. There was nothing good there," she said, speaking through a local government official who struggled to translate her thick dialect into Mandarin. "For four to five hours a day, it was torture. They gave us food afterwards, but every day we cried and we just did not want to eat it," Zhou added, sitting in her sparsely decorated home. The Chinese government says Japan has yet to atone properly for its war crimes, which it says included massacres and forcing people to work as virtual slaves in factories or as prostitutes. In 2005, a push by Japan for a permanent U.N. Security Council seat sparked sometimes violent anti-Japanese street protests in cities across China, with demonstrators denouncing Tokyo and demanding compensation and an apology for the war. "OF COURSE I HATE THEM" Zhou -- neatly dressed in a dark blue traditional Chinese shirt, her greying hair combed back into a bun -- avoided saying what had happened to her in the brothel, except that she was there with at least 20 other Chinese women. But her son, Jiang Weixun, 62, said she had told him they were repeatedly raped by Japanese soldiers on a daily basis. This harrowing experience has left a deep scar on Zhou's life. She cannot forget, and nor can she forgive. "If it were you, wouldn't you hate them? Of course I hate them. But after the war, all the Japanese went home. I'm already so old. I think they are all dead by now," Zhou said. Zhou said she had served as a "comfort woman" for two months before a local town official rescued her by paying off the Japanese. She went back to her husband of 10 years, Ni Jincheng, who later died fighting the Japanese. Zhou remarried and lives with her son, Jiang, from her second marriage. Jiang said his mother had been moved to tell her story after learning of the death of Lei Guiying, a well-known former Chinese comfort woman. Lei died of a brain haemorrhage in April. She had gone public with her experiences last year after hiding the ordeal from her family for 60 years. Jiang said he was not ashamed of his mother, one of only an estimated 50 former Chinese sex slaves still alive today. He said her experiences should highlight to the world the extent of the wartime crimes committed by the Japanese. "When my mother told me about this, as her son, I do not hate her for that. The Japanese are the ones I should be hating. The Japanese are those who committed the crimes. The Japanese are responsible for this, they raped all of the women," he said. Tokyo has not paid direct compensation to any of the estimated 200,000 mostly Asian women forced to work in brothels for the Japanese military before and during World War Two, saying all claims were settled by peace treaties that ended the war. Instead, in 1995, Tokyo set up the Asian Women's Fund, a private group with heavy government support, to make cash payments to surviving wartime sex slaves.

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Conservation efforts appear to be helping China's endangered giant panda expand its habitat in parts of western China, the Xinhua news agency reported on Saturday. Panda cubs play at the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding in Chengdu, southwest China's Sichuan province, May 24, 2007. [Reuters]The animal's droppings were recently discovered in areas beyond its known habitat in the bamboo forests of the 220,000 hectare (550,000 acre) Baishuijiang Nature Reserve, on the border of Gansu and Sichuan provinces. "This indicates an expansion of the giant panda's habitat -- and probably of its population too," Huang Huali, vice director of the Baishuijiang Nature Reserve Administration, was quoted as saying. The pandas have been helped by efforts to curb insect pests, which have restored the bamboo forests since 2002, Huang said. China's State Forestry Administration has estimated 1,590 pandas live in the wild, mostly in the mountains of Sichuan, although a study by Chinese and British scientists released last year calculated there could be as many as 3,000.

A pedestrian walks past a branch of China Construction Bank in Shanghai June 3, 2007. [newsphoto]China's central bank is considering establishing a deposit insurance system in a bid to promote financial stability, news reports said on Monday. The People's Bank of China (PBoC) aims to push forward legislation on deposit insurance, the Xinhua News Agency reported, citing information from a central bank meeting. PBoC has carried out research looking into this matter, according to the report. Deposit insurance is a measure introduced by policy makers to protect deposits, in full or in part, in the event of banks being unable to pay deposits. The insurance can maintain public confidence in the financial system and prevent bank runs, thus helping promote financial stability. The United States was the first country to establish an official deposit insurance scheme, during the Great Depression in 1934. Currently, nearly 100 countries have such an arrangement in place. The lack of deposit insurance in China is related to the fact that most of the banks in the country are State-owned, which offer confidence to depositors, analysts said.

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The country's roaring stock market and soaring property prices have generated wealth for so many that the mainland now has more billionaires than any place other than the United States, according to a list released Wednesday.The list has 106 US dollar billionaires, compared with 15 last year and none in 2002, according to the popular annual The Hurun Rich List - compiled by Shanghai-based independent analyst Rupert Hoogeperf.Out of the top 10, nine own listed companies - six are real estate developers and two also derive a large percentage of their wealth from real estate, indicating that the country's economic growth is largely driven by construction and manufacturing.The total wealth of the 800 richest Chinese reached 9.3 billion, or 16 percent of the country's GDP last year. Their average wealth more than doubled in the past year to 2 million."China's richest have reaped windfalls from a sharp hike in property prices and the burgeoning stock markets," said Hoogeperf.But Beijing-based investment banker Andrew Zhang said: "The list shows up bubbles in the economy. The rich have accumulated their wealth with little technology, branding or international networks."Yang Huiyan - the 26-year-old woman who was No 1 on Forbes wealth list released this week - remains top on the Hurun list with a personal fortune reaching .5 billion, transferred from her property developer father.Her fortune comes from a 59.5 percent stake in Country Garden Holdings, a South China real estate developer founded by her father. The company's initial public offering in Hong Kong in April raised the equivalent of .9 billion and its shares closed Wednesday at HK.12 - more than double the IPO price.She is followed by 50-year-old Zhang Yin, last year's topper, who saw the value of her shares in Nine Dragon Paper triple to billion following a surge in the Hong Kong stock market.Xu Rongmao, 57, owner of Shimao Property Holdings Ltd comes in at No 3. He has seen his wealth grow to .5 billion, up .5 billion from last year.Huang Guangyu, 38, who founded Gome Electrical Appliances Holdings and owns unlisted property businesses, is fourth with billion.Guo Guangchang, whose Fosun Group has investments in property, retail, steel, pharmaceuticals and mining, rejoins the top 10 for the first time in four years after raising .5 billion from a Hong Kong listing in June.Surging share prices created much of the wealth of those on Hoogewerf's list.Nine made it due to shareholdings in Minsheng Banking Corp - the most prominent creator of super-rich of any Chinese company.Ping An Insurance (Group) Co, China's second-largest life insurer, and Western Mining Co, a zinc and lead miner, were each responsible for the wealth of seven on the list.

BEIJING -- China may entirely switch to non-food materials such as cassva, sweet potato, sorgo and cellulose in producing ethanol fuel as a substitute for petroleum, said a government official. The country would approve no projects designed to produce ethanol fuel with food from now on, an official of the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) told a seminar on China's fuel ethanol development held in Beijing on Saturday. "Food-based ethanol fuel will not be the direction for China," said Xu Dingming, vice director of the Office of the National Energy Leading Group, who was also at the seminar. China has been trying to avoid occupation of arable land, consumption of large amount of grain and damages to the environment in developing the renewable energies. The current four enterprises engaged in producing corn-based ethanol would be asked to switch to non-food materials gradually, according to the NDRC official who declined to be named. The four enterprises in Jilin, Heilongjiang, Henan and Anhui have a combined production capacity of 1.02 million tons of corn-based ethanol per year. The country has become a big producer and consumer of ethanol fuel in the world after the United States, Brazil and European Union, according to the NDRC official. China Oil and Food Corporation (COFCO), the country's largest oil and food importer and exporter, would focus on sorgo in the production of non-food-based ethanol fuel, said Yu Xubo, president of COFCO at the seminar. COFCO, which owns the Heilongjiang enterprise and has a twenty-percent stake in the Anhui enterprise, aims to produce five million tons of ethanol fuel based on sorgo in the near future. COFCO is leading the way in developing cellulosic ethanol fuel under a cooperation agreement with Denmark-based Novozymes, which leads the world in researches into the key enzymes needed in large-scale production of cellulosic ethanol. The current cost for producing ethanol fuel from stalks of corn, which are discarded by farmers, is still too high. Novozymes is working on the commercialization of cellulosic ethanol both in the United States and China. "We are optimistic about China's prospect of making it work ahead of the US, as the cost of collecting the stalks of corn are much cheaper in China," said Steen Riisgaard, president and CEO of Novozymes. There is much opposition both in China and in the world to corn-based ethanol fuel, which is believed will lead to higher corn price.