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财政分权对经济增长的实证研究

Chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff Marine Gen. Peter Pace inspects the guard of honor during a welcome ceremony at the Defence Ministry in Beijing March 22, 2007. [Reuters]"Clearly, both the United States and China have enormous military capacity, but equally clearly neither country has the intent to go to war with the other. So absent of intent, I don't find threat," General Peter Pace, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff said. "We should not focus on how to fight each other but how to prevent military action. That is what my government is focused on, and that is what my Chinese counterparts here have said their government is focused on." Pace arrived in Beijing Thursday for a four-visit which as he said is aimed at boosting military ties Pace said he had discussed the sensitive topic of Taiwan with the Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission, Guo Boxiong, Defence Minister Cao Gangchuan and Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing. "It is not surprising that in each of the meetings, the issue of Taiwan came up. It is clearly a fundamental issue with China," he said. Asked about the possibility of a conflict over Taiwan, he said: "I believe there are good faith efforts among all the leadership to prevent that." Pace said he had repeated US President George W. Bush's position that the US leader "would not support Taiwan independence" and that Washington wanted the issue to be handled peacefully. Pace's visit follows a US announcement last month that it plans to provide over 400 missiles to Taiwan.China's military is proposing officer exchanges and other confidence-building measures with the US Army and may be inching closer to setting up a "hotline" for emergency communication with Washington, according to Pace. Pace said he immediately agreed to study the proposals put forward Friday by Gen. Liang Guanglie, chief of the PLA's General Staff Department. "To me this was a very good, open discussion and one that I found very encouraging," Pace told reporters in Beijing. Liang's proposals included sending Chinese cadets to the Army academy at West Point as well as participating in joint exercises and humanitarian and relief-at-sea operations "that might be able to build trust and confidence amongst our forces." Military exchanges were largely suspended following a collision between a US spy plane and a Chinese jet fighter over the South China Sea in 2001.  Pace said the sides agreed to keep discussing setting up a "hotline" between either military or civilian leaders that would help ease any future friction. "The Chinese military understands as well as I do that the opportunity to pick up the phone and talk to somebody you know and smooth out misunderstandings quickly is a very important part of relations between two countries," Pace said.

Finance Minister Xie Xuren and his Japanese counterpart Fukushiro Nukaga have agreed to work jointly to end the controversy created by allegedly contaminated China-made dumplings.Chinese Finance Minister Xie Xuren (L) shakes hands with Japan's Finance Minister Fukushiro Nukaga at the latter's office in Tokyo, February 10, 2008. [Xinhua]At the first-ever ministerial-level meeting since the food scare in Japan, the two ministers vowed to "keep searching for the real cause" that made 10 people fall ill after eating the dumplings."We must cooperate in the investigation to get to the root of the problem and to prevent such an incident so that it doesn't become an obstacle to our friendship," Nukaga told reporters in Tokyo yesterday. "And he (Xie) said he completely agreed (with the idea)."The two also agreed to hold another dialogue next month in Tokyo. Xie was in Japan to attend expanded discussions and meetings of the Group of Seven financial ministers. Representatives of Russia, South Korea and Indonesia were also invited to the deliberations.The ministerial-level meeting came four days after Lunar New Year's Eve, when Chinese and Japanese officials met in Tokyo and said they were ready to cooperate in the investigation.China is willing to fully cooperate and share information with Japan, Li Chunfeng, head of the five-member Chinese delegation, told reporters after the third round of talks at the Japanese Cabinet Office on February 6.The country had set up a joint investigation team with Japan to get to the truth as soon as possible, Li said, calling for an objective attitude and scientific measures to solve the problem.A joint investigation team that on Tuesday inspected the plant of Tianyang Food, which made the dumplings, did not find any "abnormality" with the production process."The plant (in Shijiazhuang, capital of Hebei) is very clean and well managed, and no abnormality was detected," Japanese delegation chief Harashima Taiji said on Wednesday.Chinese and Japanese journalists, too, visited the plant, where production was suspended on January 30. The plant employs about 800 people.Also on Wednesday, Japanese Health Minister Yoichi Masuzoe said someone could have deliberately tried to contaminate the dumplings."Judging from circumstantial evidence, we'd have to think that it's highly likely to be a crime," Masuzoe said in Tokyo.Chinese police and law enforcers in Japan's Hyogo prefecture, where the 10 people fell ill, have already set up a joint task force to probe the case.In a joint announcement, Hyogo police said that after finding large amounts of the pesticide methamidophos on and small holes in some of the dumpling packages they suspected someone deliberately tried to poison the product.Tianyang reiterated it has never used methamidophos and that the dumplings were always packed immediately after coming off the production line.China Daily - Agencies

The Employment Promotion Law is being revised to provide a firmer legal footing for efforts to combat the discrimination that Hepatitis B virus carriers have encountered while looking for work, a senior official said. If the revised law is passed, Hepatitis B carriers will have the tools they need to guard their right to secure fair employment and to have discriminating employers punished. Liu Danhua, deputy director of the Labor and Social Security Ministry's training and employment department, said the drafters planned to write a chapter called "fair employment" and to add an article that bans employers from refusing to hire applicants because they carry infectious viruses. She made the remarks during an online interview on www.gov.cn on Friday. At least 15,000 people participated in the online chat and left more than 600 messages for the official. Many spoke about their experiences of being rejected by employers because they are Hepatitis B virus carriers. They applauded the document released by the Labor and Social Security Ministry and the Ministry of Health in May, which called for the protection of virus carriers' employment rights. Still, some were disappointed that some employers seemed not to have heeded the call. According to the document, except for those industries barred to Hepatitis carriers because of the possibility they might spread the virus, such as food processing, employers are not to make Hepatitis screening a mandatory part of physical checkups. Medical organizations have been asked to protect carriers' privacy. But in many cities checks for theHepatitis B virus are more or less obligatory before securing employment. A college graduate from Changsha, Hubei Province, using the Web alias "jiushi3953", said he had been rejected three times by companies because he has Hepatitis B. He was worried he would never get a good job. "Almost every company in Shenzhen demands a Hepatitis virus check Please give me a chance to survive," he said. Hao Yang, deputy director of the Ministry of Health's disease control and prevention bureau, said discrimination was rooted in people's misconceptions about Hepatitis B. Many people and even some doctors think Hepatitis B virus can be transmitted while dining together or touching. Hao said this is wrong. The country is home to about 120 million chronic carriers of the Hepatitis B virus, which may lead to chronic inflammation of the liver. Carriers do not suffer, and do not pose a threat to other people.

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SHENZHEN: Companies in the Pearl River Delta area, the country's manufacturing powerhouse, are raising wages to attract migrant workers amid fears of a worsening labor shortage, a survey has shown.The survey was conducted by the service center of Guangzhou human resources markets, which looked at 252 companies with at least 200 employees each.The poll found out that the average monthly salary offered to new staff was up 13 percent from last year at 1,160 yuan (2).The survey also showed that nearly 70 percent of the companies said they will hire new employees this year, up 20 percent from the same period of last year.Still, the number of job-hunters has decreased and are said to be more picky, the Guangzhou Daily reported.The first job fair in Guangzhou after the Spring Festival break on Friday reportedly offered about 7,000 vacancies, but attracted only 4,000 job-seekers.Figures from the Guangzhou labor authority showed that sectors such as the textile, toy-making, construction, catering, electronics and service industries were top of the list for workers.It was particularly difficult for the textile and toy-making industries to hire workers since such companies could offer an average monthly salary of just 960 yuan, far below what is available across the board, the labor authority said.The situation was said to be similar in other cities in the Pearl River Delta region, such as Shenzhen and Dongguan, which has seen industrial restructuring and experienced the impact of the new labor law, researchers said.However, research by the Asian Footwear Association showed that close to 1,000 shoemaking factories closed or moved out of the Pearl River Delta region last year, with 25 percent setting up in Southeast Asian countries, 50 percent in other mainland cities and about 25 percent adopting a wait-and-see approach."The industrial repositioning of the Pearl River Delta region has forced some of the companies in the region, especially those with less competitive edge in the market, to close or move out," Ding Li, a researcher with Guangdong Academy of Social Sciences, said."The flow of migrant labor has been a clear indication of that."The appreciation of the yuan, raw material price hikes and adjustment of export policies have also seen many private firms and companies funded by businesses from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan slowing down demand for migrant workers, the Guangdong labor authority said.

BEIJING, March 22 -- When outsiders try to put a lens on the lives of Shanghai's migrants - a group receiving more attention these days - they may well encounter problems of access and privacy. After all, they're on the outside looking in.     In the "My Shanghai" project, however, around 50 children of migrant workers were taught basic photography, armed with cameras, given a roll of film and told to tell their own stories.     The exhibit opens today at TwoCities Gallery at 50 Moganshan Road. Proceeds from sales of some photos will be donated to the Jin Hu Primary School in Minhang District.     On two recent Saturdays, around 35 Chinese and expat volunteers visited the school to glimpse a world quite unlike their own - and to help kids share that world.     Together they taught basic photography to four classes of sixth-graders at the school for migrants' kids. Four expats were the instructors; Chinese volunteers translated.     Film cameras, mainly provided by individuals and schools in the United States, were given to the students to capture their own lives.     The 11 most evocative winning photos have been enlarged and exhibited with around 100 smaller pictures.     "My Shanghai" was launched with a screening of the Academy Award-winning documentary "Born into Brothels," attended by most volunteers. It's about a similar photography project in the red-light district of Kolcata (Calcutta), India.     Eva Ting, director of TwoCities Gallery, wanted to undertake a similar project in Shanghai where little is known about migrant workers and their families. The group is receiving more attention nationwide as many complained of job discrimination and other problems.     "(The film) struck me as a powerful way to bridge the distance between peoples who perhaps don't fully understand each other," says Ting. The 29-year-old Chinese American hopes to hold a summer art camp for the migrant workers' children.     Ting is among an increasing number of artists in Shanghai stepping out of their studios to help migrant students. "My Shanghai" aims to empower the children and give them confidence to express themselves creatively through photography and art. It also aims to increase awareness of the situation and problems of migrant workers and their families.     "Having a foreigner and a Chinese working together and teaching migrant children about photography is really important in showing them they are important individuals," says Grayson Stallings, 23, one of the American teachers. "We want to let them know that we find real importance in what the children see and we can't see what they do except through them."     The photographs have a raw and authentic quality: free from formal aesthetic considerations, they give an insight into the little-seen world of migrant families.     The top prize went to a simple picture of a birdcage against a blank white wall. The message of the cage, of course, is that migrant children are restricted and confined; the blank wall suggests a lack of opportunities. It was taken from a position below the cage and distant, suggesting the young photographer was looking on.     Another photo presents a leafless tree in winter, its branches reaching high into the sky, as if seeking freedom and opportunities. The young photographer shoots upward, but the sky is empty. This image, along with nine other "picks," will be sold in postcard size for 15 yuan (US.10)     Other pictures take an unflinching look at shabby furnishings, wistful siblings hugging toys for sale, and simply happy play with friends in the street.     "I want to show everyone my family," says 15-year-old He Chuanqi.         Other students feel the same. Most used half the shots on their 36-roll film to take pictures of their families.     The project is also important to the volunteers as it brings together expats and Chinese.     "It was great finally getting to know a small but nevertheless real part of Shanghai rather than just hanging out in a separate world of our own," says Daniel Allegri,22,an American assistant in the photography class.    

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NEW YORK - The overheating of the Chinese stock market is a structural problem that will be resolved by developing more financial products and cracking down on illegal activities, a Chinese securities regulatory official said Thursday. Hu Bing, deputy director-general of the market supervision department at the China Securities Regulatory Commission, said at a conference in New York that authorities are seeking to roll out more products to broaden investors' options, such as real estate investment trusts, or REITs, as well as listed infrastructure funds. Other eventual offerings will include derivatives products such as stock-index futures and warrants. These products will be launched "when conditions are ready," Hu said at a China Investment Forum sponsored by Merrill Lynch and Institutional Investor. He said he couldn't provide a clearer timeline for when those products would be ready. Hu acknowledged a "liquidity surplus problem" that is contributing to the overheating of the Chinese stock market and noted that hot-money inflows coming in through illegal channels are exacerbating the problem. Tackling the liquidity issue is a long-term project that "cannot be resolved just by (raising) the interest rate," Hu said. "So the structural problem has to be resolved using structural measures." Earlier this week, the Chinese government tripled its stamp tax on stock trades in an effort to rein in the equity market. The Shanghai Composite Index more than doubled in 2006 and is still up around 50 percent so far in 2007. Hu said China's capital markets are still young and face a "golden opportunity" to develop their depth and breadth. The majority of individual investors rely on rumors or inside information to make their decisions, leading to speculative gains in stocks, he said. Hu said authorities are stepping up efforts to crack down on insider trading, "but because this is a transitioning society in an emerging market, it will take a long time."

WASHINGTON - The Bush administration is imposing further trade sanctions against China, South Korea and Indonesia in a dispute involving glossy paper. The decision, announced Wednesday by Commerce Secretary Carlos Gutierrez, came a week after US and Chinese officials met for a second round of high-level talks aimed at lowering trade tensions between the two nations. "This administration continues to aggressively and transparently enforce our trade laws to ensure a level playing field for American manufacturers, workers and farmer," Gutierrez said in a statement announcing the decision. In the new ruling, the government determined that imports from the three countries of glossy paper - used in art books, textbooks and high-end magazines - were being sold in the United States at less than fair value, a process known as dumping. The dumping penalties will be collected immediately although they will not become final until this fall after further investigations are conducted. The preliminary dumping penalty for the paper products from China ranged from 23.19 percent to 99.65 percent. The dumping penalty imposed on imports of glossy paper from Indonesia was 10.85 percent while the penalty on South Korean imports ranged as high as 30.86 percent. These dumping penalties will be imposed on top of economic sanctions levied in March after the administration found that paper companies from those three countries were receiving improper government subsidies that allowed them to undercut the price of American producers. The March decision reversed 23 years of US trade policy by treating China, which is classified as a nonmarket economy, in the same way other US trading partners are treated in disputes involving government subsidies. The paper case was brought by NewPage Corp., a Dayton, Ohio-based paper company which contended that its coated paper was facing unfair competition because of the government subsidies and sale of imports at unfairly low prices. The government trade sanctions have received the support of the United Steel Workers union, which represents about 90 percent of the workforce in the US coated paper industry. The glossy paper is produced at 22 paper mills in 13 states. The penalties in the case involving government subsidies are known as countervailing duties. In that case, the trade sanctions ranged as high as 20.35 percent for Chinese glossy paper imports, 1.76 percent for South Korean imports and 21.24 percent for Indonesia. Chinese officials denounced the decision in the government subsidies case saying that it went against the consensus of both countries to resolve disputes through dialogue rather than imposing trade sanctions. The second round of the Strategic Economic Dialogue, which was launched by Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson in December, was held in Washington last week. Paulson and Chinese Vice Premier Wu Yi announced a series of modest agreements including the boosting of airline flights between the two nations. But they failed to make progress in one of the biggest rade irritants, the value of China's currency, which American manufacturers contended is being kept artificially low against the dollar to give Chinese companies unfair advantages against US firms.

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GENEVA -- China has reached understanding with the United States and Mexico on their alleged trade subsidy measures, sparing a WTO panel ruling on the case, the Chinese WTO mission said here on Thursday.Chinese Ambassador Sun Zhenyu signed respective memorandums of understanding with his US and Mexican counterparts "regarding certain measures granting refunds, reductions or exemptions from taxes or other payments" at the WTO headquarters on Thursday, the mission said in a statement.In the MOUs, China made it clear to the United States and Mexico that "the policy of exemption for certain foreign-invested enterprises from payments to the State for worker allowances is no longer operative."Besides, the policy of value-added tax (VAT) refund to enterprises for the purchase of domestically produced equipment does not constitute prohibited subsidies as provided by relevant provisions of WTO agreements."Other preferential policies on income tax pertinent to the disputes have been repealed or will be repealed along with the implementation of the new Enterprise Income Tax Law of China," the statement added.According to the Chinese mission, the MOUs will be notified to the WTO as mutually acceptable solutions to the above-mentioned dispute in accordance with the Dispute Settlement Understanding of the world trade body.The United States filed the case to the WTO in February and later was joined by Mexico. The two countries alleged that China was using tax breaks and other incentives to "subsidize" its exports, which might violate WTO regulations.A WTO panel was established in August to investigate the case, following failed consultations between the three sides.But the three sides finally reached understanding on the dispute through continued discussions.

SHANGHAI: The children of migrant workers in Shanghai are turning against their hometowns and becoming arrogant, it has been claimed.Kids brought up in Shanghai have a feeling of superiority when they return to their birthplaces, Zhang Yichao, the founder of a chorus group who has been organizing trips for the young migrants to the countryside, said.The 35 chorus group members are aged from 11 to 16, born in rural areas and are growing up in Shanghai. They were making 12-day trips to their hometowns of Anhui, Jiangxi and Jiangsu provinces last month.Zhang set up the chorus in February last year with an American. It is the first troupe in Shanghai comprising the children of migrant workers.Following an 18-month training course by voluntary teachers they put on performances at venues such as the Shanghai Oriental Art Center and Jinmao Tower, China's second-highest building.On their visits to the countryside the kids held chorus and solo shows, with electric instruments, for the farmers. They also played games with local children and collated information to write reports."Few of these children maintain their affection for their hometowns and they don't like the countryside. I hope these trips will help them remember their early childhood and the rural areas where they were born," Zhang said.For the first few days, he said, the kids kept their distance from farmers, complained about dirty toilets, muddy sidewalks and shabby housing. They even hid the fact they were from rural areas themselves."It's obvious these children liked the feeling of superiority in front of their country fellows," Zhang said."What we can do, however, is help them face up to the fact they were born in rural areas and perhaps then they will be more fond of these places."They are still young and innocent and I believe they will build up a positive life philosophy and make their own contributions to society," chorus volunteer Liu Jing said."Children of migrant workers need more education in all aspects of life. This trip to the countryside is just a small part and we are organizing other activities," Zhang said.